Christianity: Reference - Controversy & Crusades

From The Macmillan Encyclopedia
The breach between the Eastern (Byzantine) and Western (Roman) branches of the Christian Church, which became formal in 1054.

From Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
An argument concerning the Procession of the Holy Spirit, which long disturbed the Eastern and Western churches and which still forms one of the principal barriers between them.

One of the fundamental creeds of Christianity, drawn up by the Council of Nicaea, a meeting of bishops in AD 325. The Council of Nicaea was the first ecumenical (worldwide) council. The church leaders met to discuss teachings about Jesus.

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia
Federation of national and regional self-governing Christian churches, mainly found in Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The final schism between the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church occurred in 1054.

Greek katholikos ‘universal’ [article] One of the main divisions of the Christian religion, separate from the Eastern Orthodox Church.

From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia
Formal split over a doctrinal difference between religious believers, as in the final schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1054; the Great Schism (1378-1417) in the Roman Catholic Church; the separation of the Old Catholics who rejected the doctrine of papal infallibility in 1879; and the schism over the use of the Latin Tridentine mass in 1988.

From The Columbia Encyclopedia
Or Schism of the West, division in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. There was no question of faith or practice involved; the schism was a matter of persons and politics.

From The Reader's Companion to Military History
In 1208 Pope Innocent III issued a call for a “holy war” against the Albigensian heretics (Cathars) in southern France. The Albigensians preached that an inseparable gulf existed between the material world, which was evil, and the spiritual world, which was good.

Series of wars undertaken by European Christians between the 11th and 14th cent. to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.

From The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations
The notion that war is imbued with religious purpose is a persistent approach to armed conflict in many eras and societies. In such an approach, one’s own cause is seen as perfectly just and oneself as entirely moral, whereas the enemy is perceived, or at least portrayed to the home front, as the personification of evil.

The capital of Israel, Jerusalem is an administrative, religious, educational, cultural, and market center.

From The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations
Muslim Moors from North Africa advanced into and conquered Iberia. Their migration threatened southern France as well, until they were defeated and forced south of the Pyrenees by the Franks, 732–737, under Charles Martel (“The Hammer,” c. 688–741). For the next 800 years Christians and Muslims waged war for control of Iberia.

Nicknamed Coeur de Lion or the Lion-Heart. 1157-99, king of England (1189-99); a leader of the third crusade (joining it in 1191). On his way home, he was captured in Austria (1192) and held to ransom.

Arabic Salah ad-Din, 1137?–1193, Muslim warrior and Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, the great opponent of the Crusaders, b. Mesopotamia, of Kurdish descent.

Historical in the RC Church between the 13th century and the 19th century: a papal tribunal responsible for discovering, suppressing and punishing heresy and unbelief, etc.